In a parenthetical citation, the required information is placed in parentheses.
| Author | First Parenthetical Citation |
Subsequent Parenthetical Citations | Citing a Specific Part - Parenthetical |
|---|---|---|---|
| One author | (Smith, 2019) | (Smith, 2019) | (Smith, 2019, p. 5) |
| Two authors | (Smith & Taylor, 2019) | (Smith & Taylor, 2019) | (Smith & Taylor, 2019, pp. 5-10) |
| Three authors | (Smith, Taylor, & Rogers, 2019) | (Smith et al, 2019) | (Smith et al, 2019, para. 4) |
| Four authors | (Smith, Taylor, Rogers, & Walsh, 2019) | (Smith et al., 2019) | (Smith et al, 2019, pp. 10-20) |
| Five authors | (Smith, Taylor, Rogers, Walsh, & Jackson, 2019) | (Smith et al., 2019) | (Smith et al, 2019, Chapter 5) |
| Six or more authors | (Smith et al., 2019) | (Smith et al., 2019) | (Smith et al, 2019, para. 1-5) |
| Group Author (identified abbreviation) |
(National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NASA], 2019) | (NASA, 2019) | (NASA, 2019, p. 15) |
| Group Author (no abbreviation) |
(United Way, 2019) | (United Way, 2019) | (United Way, 2019, pp. 8-9) |
In an in-text citation, the author's name appears in a sentence and not in parentheses.
| Author | First In-text Citation |
Subsequent In-text Citations |
Citing a Specific Part - In-text |
|---|---|---|---|
| One author | Smith (2019) | Smith (2019) | Smith (2019) Summarize, paraphrase, or "quote" (p. 5) |
| Two authors | Smith and Taylor (2019) | Smith and Taylor (2019) | Smith and Taylor (2019) Summarize, paraphrase, or "quote" (pp. 5-10) |
| Three authors | Smith, Taylor, and Rogers (2019) | Smith et al. (2019) | Smith et al. (2019) Summarize, paraphrase, or "quote" (para. 4) |
| Four authors | Smith, Taylor, Rogers, and Walsh (2019) | Smith et al. (2019) | Smith et al. (2019) Summarize, paraphrase, or "quote" (pp. 10-20) |
| Five authors | Smith, Taylor, Rogers, Walsh, and Jackson (2019) | Smith et al. (2019) | Smith et al. (2019) Summarize, paraphrase, or "quote" (Chapter 5) |
| Six or more authors | Smith et al. (2019) | Smith et al. (2019) | Smith et al. (2019) Summarize, paraphrase, or "quote" (para. 1-5) |
| Group Author (identified abbreviation) |
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, 2019) | NASA (2019) | NASA (2019) Summarize, paraphrase, or "quote" (p. 15) |
| Group Author (no abbreviation) |
United Way (2019) | United Way (2019) | United Way (2019) Summarize, paraphrase, or "quote" (pp. 8-9) |